Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 852 Words

Within Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet, the churning tides of and hate are very prominent, but, as the character’s personalities collide and develop, revenge is the key that unlocks their unprecedented doom. There are different styles of writing in this piece that represents revenge. From the start of the play (the epilogue) there were signs of different styles of writing. Looking more closely to the text, Hamlet would address the royalty in the poetic form while addressing to people under him in old English. Revenge is indubitably Hamlet’s forte, but it also made the reader’s understand the morality of the issue. Mortality was mentioned in almost every line in Hamlet. According to North Drop Frye, Hamlet seems to be the first play of Shakespeare in which he is deliberately competing with a well known earlier play on the same subject. The other play s title is not known, but allusions to it tells thrift had a ghost cryingHamlet, Revenge!. One of the most popular tragedies of the time was the Spanish tragedy, by Thomas Kyd, and some resemblance between it and Hamlet suggest that the earlier Hamlet was also kyd s . Shakespeare s longest play was Hamlet partly because everyone, with exception of the two women, talks too much.†Ã¢â‚¬  Brief let me be,†Ã¢â‚¬  says Ghost, and goes on for another fifty lines.† I will be brief, that s Bologna, after the clean pools him up and tell him to get on with it but he isn t even the player clean, Gertrude says protest tooShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at tha t time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

O’Henry Free Essays

O’Henry a great American writer was born and grew up in North Carolina. O’Henry was just a pen name. His real name is William Sydney Porter. We will write a custom essay sample on O’Henry or any similar topic only for you Order Now After growing up in North Carolina he moved to Texas. His father was a doctor named Dr. Algemon Sidney Porter; his mother’s name was Mary Jane Virginia Swaim Porter. When O’Henry was about 3 years old his mother died of tuberculosis. O’ Henry had to move in with his grandmother. O’Henry loved to read as a child. Who knew this would be the beginning of a great writer. After O’Henry moved in with his grandmother he went to middle and high school. His father’s sister tutored him. After he finished high school he went to work for his uncle at his drug store. By the time he was nineteen he was a licensed pharmacist. He would also sketch people that came in to the drugstore for entertainment. O’Henry always had a persistent cough so he thought if he moved to Texas it would get better. He went to work on a sheep herder’s ranch, doing everything from babysitting, cook, and ranch hand. He still read all the time. He also played and sang all the time at social gatherings where he met Athol Estes. Her family was wealthy and didn’t approve of O’Henry so they eloped. They later had a baby boy who didn’t live long and then a year later had a daughter named Margaret Worth Porter around 1889. He became a draftsman who drew maps for the Texas land office. But he also was writing and his wife encouraged him to write. He eventually went to work for the bank but he also was working on his writing. He did not keep his books well and the bank and he was accused of embezzling money from the bank. He lost his job but there charges against him at the time. He and his family moved to Houston and he started working for the Post. The bank did finally charge O’Henry for embezzlement and as soon as he made bail he moved to New Orleans and later to Honduras. He wrote many short stories there but he missed his family. He was going to send for his wife to come but found out she was very ill with tuberculosis and was dying. He came back to Texas and surrendered. He was locked up but his father-in-law bailed him out to be with his daughter. O’Henry’s wife died in 1897. He was found guilty of embezzlement and was sentenced to five years in prison. While O’Henry was in prison he wrote fourteen stories that were published. A friend of his would pass his stories on to publishers who had no idea that the writer was in prison. After 3 years of good behavior in prison O’Henry was released and he was able to be with his eleven year old daughter. In 1902 he and Margaret moved to New York where he did a lot of his great writing. He wrote all the time over 300 stories while in New York. He eventually married someone from his childhood from North Carolina named Sarah Coleman. He continued to write but O’Henry was a heavy drinker and his health failed and he died of June 5, 1910, of cirrhosis of the liver. He was buried in Ashville North Carolina. O’Henry was a very well liked writer. He was known for his different surprise endings to his stories. Writings like â€Å"The Gift of Magi† â€Å"The Last Leaf† and â€Å"The Ransom of Red Chief† are read over and over again my adults as well as students today. How to cite O’Henry, Essay examples

Hostility and aggression Essay Example For Students

Hostility and aggression Essay Examine the ideas of manliness, hostility and aggression in A View From the Bridge. How are these ideas connected? Manliness, hostility and aggression are important ideas in A View From the Bridge. Clearly, in most cases, these ideas are displayed by the plays protagonist, Eddie. This aggression leads to his eventual downfall. Eddie has a certain view of what he considers to be manly. When Rodolfo does not conform to this view, it results in Eddie mocking him. In contrast, when Marco does conform to Eddies view, Eddie becomes paranoid and sees Marco as a threat to his manhood. Manliness aggression and hostility are all ideas displayed by Eddie. This may be due to the fact that Eddie is not very well educated and this may be a reason why he has difficulty in expressing his feelings. This results in him often resorting to verbal/ physical aggression. This may be reflecting Arthur Millers views on masculinity. There are also admirable qualities in Marco, Eddie and Rodolfo. The female characters also have a role to play in the tragedy, as Beatrice states. They are not merely victims of male aggression and hostility. Eddie has a stereotypical view of characteristics a man should have. Rodolfo is a man who does not fit into Eddies stereotypical view of what a man should be in and this is demonstrated when Rodolfo says I dont want to hit you Eddie. Rodolfo knows that manliness is not simply the ability to use brute force; in fact it takes a bigger man to avoid using violence. Furthermore, when Eddie finds that Rodolfo makes dresses, cooks as well as has blonde hair, he mocks him referring to him as Danish and implying he is homosexual by calling him a fruit, as well as stating that Rodolfo aint right and that hes no good. He compares Rodolfo with Marco, with the intention of putting Rodolfo down Marco goes around like a man, nobody kids Marco. This example of aggression/hostility towards Rodolfo may also stem from the fact that he is jealous that Catherine is attracted to Rodolfo. Beatrice appears to realise this when she tells Eddie that hes just jealous. This contrasts with when Marco challenges Eddie to a test of raw strength and Marco is distinctly blunt about the fact that he will not be intimidated by Eddies aggression Can you lift this chair? he asked Eddie. After Marco wins this contest, Eddie responds with anger (Eddies grin vanishes), as opposed to a gleam and a smile from Rodolfo when Eddie staggered him (when teaching him to box). It is also apparent that the female characters are also responsible for the tragedy of the play. Beatrice knows this and it is shown when she says Whatever happened we all done it, and dont you ever forget it, Catherine. Later on Catherine also comes to this realisation just before Eddies death when she tells him I never meant to do nothing bad to you. Catherine wanted to be with Rodolfo, against her guardians wishes, which ultimately lead to Eddie reporting the two immigrants and hence, his death. As well as this, it was Beatrice who fuelled Catherine with the desire to leave for Rodolfo, shown by the quote Youre a woman, thats all, and you got a nice boy, and now the time came when you said good-bye. All right? The language used by various characters also helps to reflect the attitudes and emotions of the characters. Eddie uses colloquial sentences, which are generally short. This reflects that he is uneducated and hence his unwillingness to think through the consequences of his actions as well as going some way to explaining his hostility and willingness to use physical violence. This is epitomised by the statement I dont think you listening to me anymore. Rodolfo is able to gain peoples attention by making them laugh as well as having the ability to help conversation There is one. We push that too. (They laugh. ) Everything in our town, you gotta push! Rodolfo also spoke in his second tongue, a reflection upon the fact that he is a cultured and somewhat well-educated individual. .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa , .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .postImageUrl , .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa , .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa:hover , .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa:visited , .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa:active { border:0!important; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa:active , .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9866c4ca2bfe94cfcaac256b5f55f4fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Collections of poetry EssayHis friendly and caring attitude is reflected by in numerous circumstances, including when Eddie refuses to acknowledge him but he continues his conversation and makes attempts to talk to him. Another occasion was when Eddie punched him (seemingly by accident), Rodolfo simply replies with a smile. Had it been one of the other male characters who had been punched, they would have most likely retaliated or escalated the situation as we saw in the chair incident as well as the tragic ending. Because A View From the Bridge was written to be performed, it would not be appropriate if I did not cover the effects of various dramatic features used. In particular the ending in which Marco stabs Eddie with his own knife (which he is still holding) has a sense of irony about it because this reflects how Eddie brought this upon himself. Here, Eddie also falls to his knees before Marco, which represents how the bigger man won. It is the final blow to Eddies position of authority, which had been gradually diminishing ever since Catherine managed to get a job. It is also a reflection of how Eddies idea of justice which involves aggression and hostility lead to his eventual demise. Aggression, manliness and hostility are also tools that are used by Arthur Miller to create the tragedy. Miller was heavily influenced by Greek tragedies, which all involve tragic heroes with a fatal flaw that leads to their eventual demise. In this case, Eddie was the tragic hero and he had a number of fatal flaws, including his belief of what it means to be a man and, possibly, his love for his niece (Catherine). In 1950s New York there was much talk of urban warfare between rival American-Italian gangs. The vicious grudges between these gangs may well have been the inspiration for Eddie Carbones hostility and aggression. The American-Italian gang mentality may also have been the reason for Marcos challenging Eddie to lift the chair, because gang members were expected to stand up for each other, similar to what Marco was doing for Rodolfo (after Eddie hit him during the boxing). People had come from places such as Italy in the belief that American pavements were metaphorically paved with gold, in the belief that people of any background could come to America, make their fortune and live happily ever after. Instead many found themselves hiding away, working in dead end jobs and often getting involved with gang warfare. This mirrors the plight of Marco and Rodolfo who came to make money but instead found themselves working at docks and, ultimately, resorting to murder. In conclusion, Eddie has a certain belief of what he expects a man to be like and Rodolfo does not conform to these, resulting in Eddies mocking him. Marco conformed to this view and it turned out that he was more of a man than Eddie, resulting in Eddies demise. However, it is not only down to the male characters for the plays tragedy, because it was due to Catherines attraction to Rodolfo and Beatrices encouragement of her that lead to Eddies eventual demise. Arthur Miller has used language to reinforce the plays characters. Moreover, there are dramatic effects to further the key ideas of manliness aggression and hostility. These ideas may also have derived from 1950s American-Italian gang culture.

Sylvia Plaths The Elm Speaks Essays

Sylvia Plaths The Elm Speaks Dutch elm disease is one of the most devastating shade tree diseases the earth has ever seen. It is a wilt disease with an extremely high fatality rate. The disease is characterized by gradual yellowing of the leaves and defoliation. This is caused be a fungus which is transmitted from diseased trees to healthy trees by insects known as bark beetles. In the 1962 villanelle The Elm Speaks confessionalist Sylvia Plath compares her depressed emotional state with Dutch elm disease, which killed millions of Elm trees around the world. In the fourteen stanza poem written only one year before her suicide, a bitter Plath cries out with pain. The theme of depression originates from the loss of love in her marriage to Ted Hughes. The poem is extremely rich in metaphorical language from beginning to end. In many ways the poem is designed to fit the definition of a villanelle. The Elm Speaks is a free verse poem with chaotic meter. While living in London, Sylvia Plath had a massive elm tree in front of he house that became the subject of this poem. In the first stanza, she mentions her great tap root, which is the very bottom of the elms roots. This line symbolizes that she has reached the very bottom of her depression. She describes her depression further in stanza two as a sea of dissatisfactions, or the voice of nothing meaning it is raging inside of her. At the same time she has an empty feeling which is driving her mad. Afterwards, in stanza three, she compares love to a shadow, a dark reflection of someone which is not real and can not be touched. Till your head is a stone, you pillow a little turf creates the image of a grave stone in stanza four. The sounds of poisons in stanza five refers to what Hughes, her husband, has done to her and how it burns inside of her killing her like arsenic. In stanza six she expresses that she has been through a lot, but she has always gotten through it. In stanza seven, however, she admits that she has broken down and can not and will not take her pain anymore. Next, in stanza eight she describes the moon, which is normally calming, as merciless, meaning that even the few things in life she used enjoy are now driving her insane. Similarly, in stanza nine, she talks about dreams and how they possess and endow her. In other words she feels as if she is trapped inside an ongoing nightmare. In the tenth stanza she confesses that she is holding everything in and that nightly it flaps out which means she cries herself to sleep. She is terrified of her depression and its effects on her, which she admits in stanza eleven. Next, in stanza twelve she portrays the faces of love as pale irretrievable saying that one can never find love, it is out of reach. For the second time in the poem, in stanza thirteen, she admits that she can not take the pain she is suffering anymore. Finally in the last stanza, she uses sexual imagery that for the most part states, the fact that they got together has killed her. The later years of Plaths life, when she wrote The Elm Speaks, were very tragic. She suffered from a vast number of mental illnesses, including being bipolar or manic depressive. Her moods were constantly up and down, one minute happy the next sad. Just one year before she wrote this poem she suffered through her second miscarriage, which was shortly followed by an appendectomy. Through all of this her husband Ted Hughes abused her both mentally and physically, driving her deeper into her depression. During these difficult years she wrote Ariel, a volume of poetry mainly concerning subjects such as injury, victimization, parasitism, alienation, brutality, war, cannibalism, death in all forms, torture, murder, suicide, mental illness, and anger. Only one week after Ariel was completed she viciously committed suicide by putting her head in the oven after making her children breakfast on the morning of February eleventh, 1963. In her poetry it is obvious that suicide was something she had been considering for a long time, becoming an obsession or even an addiction. Throughout The Elm Speaks Plath generates a basic them of depression. She presents herself as being the victim of a horrible love relationship that has ruined her. She uses many different techniques to help create her theme. The first, and most obvious, is her word choice. She uses words such as fear, madness, poisons, arsenic,

Story Of Joe Odd Interpretation Essays - Criminology, Free Essays

Story Of Joe Odd Interpretation Essays - Criminology, Free Essays Story Of Joe Odd Interpretation THE STORY OF JOE odd. (Simon, M) This is the story of Joe Odd, written by a mentally ill patient in a secure mental asylum. It is possible to pick out several psychological themes, these of which I intend to assess. The story of Joe Odd is clearly a case of social In and Out groups, where in society groups emerge where people have more influence than others. Clear evidence from the text proves my statement: People who lived in the boxes thought Joe was very strange because they all watched television. At first they said, why dont you live in a house like us? but Joe didnt want to. So they broke his windows and made up bad stories about him We can learn from this extract above that there is an element of labeling, and the fact that poor Joe Odd once labeled, is prone to increased labeling. Labeling is a very powerful which tends to stick to that person it has been attached (unless he/she adapts to the social norms which society labeled that person with.) Then another social worker wrote a report about how Joe had lived in a hut with the door and windows barred up. So the doctor hung another label round his neck saying Persecution Complexand gave him some pills because they made him feel better, Joe didnt like the pills because they made him feel strange, and he wouldnt take them, so the doctor hunt an Unco-operative label round his neck. From this extract we can assume that Joe Odd thought negative of himself due to the excess labeling, and ended up believe himself as a stereotypical being. One night he thought he heard a voice in his head saying, come with me. I know a beautiful place, come with me I cant. Im very ill; cant you see all these labels round my neck? (Joe Odd) Joe Odd believed himself to be out of the social norm, and mentally ill because of his labels, which tell him it is not right to live on a hill and be himself. The labels tell him to watch television in a box house. Psychological evidence can be given for all of the above extracts and evaluations to back up my points. The experiment which was conducted by H.Tajfel was based around the In and Out groups. He proved that easy to trigger offoutgroup discrimination could be. The experiment showed how a group of boys would rather end up with less money, rather than allowing another group to have more money than them. We can relate this to the text, as shown that people in a town, would rather have Joe Odd locking and barring himself up at home, rather than let him voice his opinion about how beautiful the sunset was and how it was different from their monotonous TV. The idea of stereotyped expectations (Banuazizi and Mohavedi, 1975), the idea of which people are given a situation, and because of conditioning that they have had with that particular experience, which could have been influenced by many different means (media or learnt through people) the person will act and take on the deemed suitable role according to the situation. This shows in the text with evidence that Joe Odd, finally believing himself to being ill after having too many attached labels by the society for him to handle. He later threw away these labels and returned to a land where he became his old normal self again. Szasz (1972) claimed the medical model was wrong and made criticisms, and said people cannot be mentality ill at all. He suggested that the human brain had more of a decease than disease of the mind. When related back to Joe Odd, we see might assume that the normal people misdiagnosed Joe Odd, penalty of which lead to him being wrongly labeled. The normal people however could not acknowledge their mistake, instead increasing the number of labels on Joe Odd to try and equate for his character. Assessing the idea of in and out groups, my evaluation is that Joe Odd fell victim to real life prejudice. Joe Odd lived a normal life in his eyes, doing normal activities, just living out his life in a

Biography of Bobby Seale, Black Panther Party Co-founder

Biography of Bobby Seale, Black Panther Party Co-founder Bobby Seale (born October 22, 1936) co-founded the Black Panther Party with Huey P. Newton. The organization, which was the most well-known group launched during the black power movement, stood out for its free breakfast program and emphasis on self-defense- a departure from the nonviolent philosophy advocated by civil rights activists. Fast Facts: Bobby Seale Known For: Co-founder, along with Huey P. Newton, of the Black Panther PartyBorn: October 22, 1936 in Dallas, TexasParents: George and Thelma SealeEducation: Merritt Community CollegeSpouse(s): Artie Seale, Leslie M. Johnson-SealeChildren: Malik Seale, Jaime SealeNotable Quote: â€Å"You dont fight racism with racism, the best way to fight racism is with solidarity. Early Life and Education Bobby Seale, the first child of George and Thelma Seale, was born on October 22, 1936. He grew up with a brother (Jon), a sister (Betty), and a first cousin (Alvin Turner- the son of his mother’s identical twin). In addition to Dallas, the family lived in other Texas cities, including San Antonio. Seales parents had a rocky relationship, separating and reconciling repeatedly. The family struggled financially and sometimes rented out parts of their home to other families to earn additional income. Seales father, George, was a carpenter who once built a home from the ground up. He was also physically abusive; Bobby Seale later described being whipped with a belt by his father at age 6. When the family moved to California, George Seale struggled to get carpentry work or join a union, as unions often excluded African Americans during the Jim Crow era. When George Seale did manage to enter a union, he was one of just of three black men in the state with union membership, according to Seale. As a teenager, Seale hauled groceries and mowed lawns to earn extra cash. He attended Berkeley High School but dropped out to sign up for the US Air Force in 1955. After a conflict with a commanding officer, Seale was dishonorably discharged. However, this setback did not deter him. He earned his high school diploma and made a living as a sheet metal mechanic for aerospace companies. He also worked as a comedian. In 1960, Seale enrolled in Merritt College, where he joined a black student group and his political consciousness took hold. Two years later, he met Huey P. Newton, the man with whom he would start the Black Panthers. Founding the Black Panther Party At a 1962 demonstration against the Kennedy Administrations naval blockade of Cuba, Seale befriended Huey Newton. Both men found inspiration in black radical Malcolm X and were devastated when he was assassinated in 1965. The next year, they decided to form a group to reflect their political beliefs, and the Black Panthers were born. The organization reflected Malcolm X’s philosophy of self-defense by any means necessary. The idea of armed African Americans proved controversial in the broader United States, but as the civil rights movement waned following the assassination of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., many young black Americans leaned towards radicalism and militancy. The Black Panthers were particularly concerned about racism in the Oakland Police Department, but before long, Panthers chapters sprang up nationwide. The Black Panther Party became most well known for their 10-point plan and free breakfast program. The 10-point plan included culturally-relevant teaching, employment, shelter, and exemption from military service for African Americans. Legal Battles In 1968, Bobby Seale and seven other protesters were charged with conspiring to incite a riot at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. When the trial date arrived, Seales lawyer was ill and unable to appear; the judge denied the request to delay the trial. Seale claimed the right to defend himself in order to advocate for his own constitutional rights, but the judge did not allow him to give an opening statement, cross-examine witnesses, or speak to the jury. Seale contended that the judge had denied him his right to counsel, and he began to speak out in protest during the proceedings. In response, the judge ordered him bound and gagged. Seale was chained (later strapped) to a chair, with his mouth and jaw strapped shut, for several days of the trial. Ultimately, the judge sentenced Seale to four years in prison for contempt of court. That sentence was later overturned, but it did not mark the end of Seale’s legal troubles. In 1970, Seale and another defendant were tried for killing a Black Panther believed to be a police informant. The hung jury resulted in a mistrial, so Seale was not convicted of the 1969 murder. As his court battles unfolded, Seale wrote a book tracing the history of the Black Panthers. The book, published in 1970, was titled Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. But the time Seale spent behind bars awaiting the outcomes of various court cases had taken a toll on the group, which began to fall apart in his absence. The settling of the court cases saw Seale take charge of the Panthers again. In 1973, he changed focus by putting his bid in to become the mayor of Oakland. He placed second in the race. He left the Panthers the following year. In 1978, he wrote his autobiography, A Lonely Rage. Later Years In the 1970s, the black power movement subsided, and groups like the Black Panthers ceased to exist. Deaths, prison sentences, and internal conflicts spurred by initiatives like the FBI’s Counterintelligence Program played a role in the unraveling process. Bobby Seale remains politically active, giving talks on his life and activism at college campuses and other venues. More than 50 years after the Black Panthers formed, the group continues to influence politics, pop culture, and activism. Sources â€Å"Bobby Seale.† PBS.org.Bennett, Kitty. Bobby Seale: Black Panther leader was one of the Chicago Eight. AARP Bulletin, 27 August, 2010.Glass, Andrew. Kennedy imposes naval blockade of Cuba, Oct. 22, 1962. Politico, 22 October, 2009.Seale, Bobby. â€Å"Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party.† 1970.

My Experience in Moving to Los Angeles from Palestine Essay

My Experience in Moving to Los Angeles from Palestine - Essay Example It was in this context of understanding that I experienced my most embarrassing moment. During the first few weeks living in Los Angeles, I explored many parts of the city. Walking through Los Feliz in Hollywood one afternoon I was approached by a man, later revealed to be a photographer, who asked for a moment of my time.â€Å"You have a very beautiful personality and image,† he said. Taken aback I have walked away, but he quickly interjected, â€Å"I would love to have you model!† I was perplexed, as I had never envisioned myself as the model type, and after-all he had just met me, how would he even have an inkling of my personality. Still, I secretly found his invitation flattering and was intrigued at where the opportunity could lead. The following weekend I arrived at his studio. Still new to the city, entering into this unfamiliar situation compounded my generalized anxiety. I knew nothing about modelling and this soon became abundantly clear. As I walked into the studio the photographer was there. â€Å"Hi† I sheepishly said. He seemed preoccupied and instructed me to go with his assistants to an adjacent room. Everyone at the studio moved confident and efficiently as if this was industry standard. As I walked into the adjacent room I was surrounded by a group of people who measured my size and then hold up a dress. I could feel the eyes of the other people in the room staring intently at me waiting. Slowly I felt a thrust of blood shoot throughout my face, as I nervously tightened my hands into fists as if it might stabilize my embarrassment. They were going to undress me.

The color purple; shades of gender discrimination Annotated Bibliography

The color purple; shades of gender discrimination - Annotated Bibliography Example t of Alice’s work appears to be due to the fact that she herself was brought up in an area where there was forceful gender and color discrimination. Alice’s work stresses indirectly or directly upon the significance of women being independent within the male oriented society. The whole idea of the work according to Bates was depending upon vulnerability, behaviors and decisions which women envisage when held or caught up during challenging situations and there is clear appreciation for the kind of women who stand up for themselves and their own betterment. Harold bloom inspects the practical tone of Alice Walkers writing and points out the negligence of romanticism from her work unlike any other female author which makes her writing style rather straight forward and to the point. Harold considers her work portraying the strength of family and blood, self esteem, and spiritual bonding. Her work shows the difference between the circumstances faced by women in that time and women of this global era. Alice’s work shows her feminist nature by sketching a woman producing divergence in her duties of being an obedient and sacrificing wife, this attitude displayed in some of her characters created a hunger among African American women to become equal to men in society. Merriam Webster provides a good definition of deviant behavior as the one which is accepted as a norm. The use of it eludes the difference between the attitudes shown towards male and female. As females being considered, something disgustingly different from the norms of the society .Even though women at that time had started to recognize the powers and potentials gifted by God to herself having no proper rights of their own they were always in an arguable position. This study focuses on the importance of arts and its impacts on the relationships among men and women. This study scrutinizes the significance of arts even affecting the literary champs to produce some resistance against the silence

Film Festival Essay Example for Free

Film Festival Essay Houston, TX (Mar. 18, 2009) —The 2009 WorldFest-Houston proudly presents Food Fight as part of its award-winning documentary side bar. Food Fight is a fascinating look at how American agricultural policy and food production developed in the 20th century, igniting a California food movement that sparked a tasty, counter-revolution. The documentary dishes up topics including sustainable produce, farmers markets, school lunch programs and inner-city gardens. It’s a savvy, fast-paced investigation that chronicles the life and times of ‘slow foods movement’ pioneer Alice Waters and her landmark restaurant, Chez Panisse, which transformed an industry based on profits into a market based on wholesome flavor. Food Fight is a riveting, smart romp through the historic rise of the Organic foods trend. This culinary adventure cooks up a clever insider’s view of how the nation’s plates are forsaking processed filler foods for homegrown, healthy produce. Chefs Alice Waters, Wolfgang Puck and Suzanne Goin are featured. If you’re interested in the origins of America’s flavorful farmer’s market revolution, you can check out Food Fight which will screen during the WorldFest-Houston Film Festival’s run, April 17-26, at the AMC 30 Dunvale (2949 Dunvale, Houston, TX 77063). Enjoy the newest feature film from food activist and screen director, Chris Taylor, who will be available after the viewing to discuss the film’s highlights! WorldFest Houston, founded in 1961, is the third oldest Independent film festival in the United States. This annual event has evolved into a competitive Independent International film festival showcasing the rising stars of tomorrow. This year’s 42nd Annual WorldFest (April 17-26, 2009) will feature: 50 award-winning Indie films, 100 superb short films, 450 Indie filmmakers from around the globe, 6 Master Classes/Film industry seminars, 1 Grand Awards Gala Cocktail Reception with the filmmakers and a Closing Day Regatta/Barbecue VIP NASA/Space Center Houston Tour. Tickets are $6 for a single matinee (films before 6 pm) or $10.00 per single  evening admission and range upward based on packages that customers purchase. Film Buff $100, Silver Screen $150 and ultimate VIP Platinum Pass $500. Check www.worldfest.org for details. Tickets will be available mid-March online and up to theatre- capacity at show time at the Cinema Box Office. All films, seminars and events are open to the public. Opening Night Prices ~ $20 per person for Film Program book. $30 per person for Film, Program book and Champagne Reception at Renaissance Hotel after the film

Sir Isaac Newtons Role in the Enlightenment Essay -- Contributions of

Isaac Newton had a huge impact on the Enlightenment, he influenced it scientifically in many ways and he influenced faith and reason in a tremendous way. He was known more for his scientific achievements then his religious works.His background and education affected when he made these great achievements. Isaac Newton born on December 25,1642 in Woolsthorpe, England grew up, he was the most important physicist and mathematician of all time.1 Newton attended Cambridge where he studied mathematics. Although he was considered a genious he was also considered an eccentric who was unsociable, vindictive, absent-minded and paranoid, he was considered to have a mid-life mental illness caused by the death of his mother.2Newton was very modest to the extent he had his friends publish his papers.3Newton fled Cambridge to escape the plague, during this period he made many of his accomplishments.4 Also he was persecuted for his faith in God. Thousand of men and women who were good Christian s were thoroughly loyal to politics and the belief that science and religion aren’t compatible.Many men and women had nothing but dislike and even contempt.5 Just a few of his accomplishments so crucial to the Enlightenment and currently still important are; essentials of mathematics called Calculus, Optical law-white light is a mixture of colors, and the principle of the law of gravitation.Also he wrote Naturalis Principia Mathematica, better known as Principia Mathematica, which is the single most influential scientific treatise ever written.6 In fact if a single point was given to the beginning of the Enlightenment, it would be the year of Newton’s publication of this book.7It provided the underlying principle for the Enlightenment.8Not only d... ...l. 2. (Upper Saddle River: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 480 12. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 480. 13. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 480. 14. History of Science Society, Sir Isaac Newton 1727-1927, 17. 15. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 481. 16. History of Science Society, Sir Isaac Newton 1727-1927, 19. 17. Gay, Age of Enlightenment, 20. 18. Bell, Arthur E. Newtonian Science. (London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1961), 19. 19. Christianson, Gale E. In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times. (New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1984), ix. 20. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 413. 21. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 488. 22. History of Science Society, Sir Isaac Newton 1727-1927, 25. 23. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 489. Sir Isaac Newton's Role in the Enlightenment Essay -- Contributions of Isaac Newton had a huge impact on the Enlightenment, he influenced it scientifically in many ways and he influenced faith and reason in a tremendous way. He was known more for his scientific achievements then his religious works.His background and education affected when he made these great achievements. Isaac Newton born on December 25,1642 in Woolsthorpe, England grew up, he was the most important physicist and mathematician of all time.1 Newton attended Cambridge where he studied mathematics. Although he was considered a genious he was also considered an eccentric who was unsociable, vindictive, absent-minded and paranoid, he was considered to have a mid-life mental illness caused by the death of his mother.2Newton was very modest to the extent he had his friends publish his papers.3Newton fled Cambridge to escape the plague, during this period he made many of his accomplishments.4 Also he was persecuted for his faith in God. Thousand of men and women who were good Christian s were thoroughly loyal to politics and the belief that science and religion aren’t compatible.Many men and women had nothing but dislike and even contempt.5 Just a few of his accomplishments so crucial to the Enlightenment and currently still important are; essentials of mathematics called Calculus, Optical law-white light is a mixture of colors, and the principle of the law of gravitation.Also he wrote Naturalis Principia Mathematica, better known as Principia Mathematica, which is the single most influential scientific treatise ever written.6 In fact if a single point was given to the beginning of the Enlightenment, it would be the year of Newton’s publication of this book.7It provided the underlying principle for the Enlightenment.8Not only d... ...l. 2. (Upper Saddle River: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 480 12. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 480. 13. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 480. 14. History of Science Society, Sir Isaac Newton 1727-1927, 17. 15. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 481. 16. History of Science Society, Sir Isaac Newton 1727-1927, 19. 17. Gay, Age of Enlightenment, 20. 18. Bell, Arthur E. Newtonian Science. (London: Edward Arnold Ltd., 1961), 19. 19. Christianson, Gale E. In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton and His Times. (New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1984), ix. 20. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 413. 21. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 488. 22. History of Science Society, Sir Isaac Newton 1727-1927, 25. 23. Donald, Ozmont and Turner. Western Heritage, 489.

The simultaneous leadership in social science

Understanding the scope of drug use and addiction in the world includes knowing the prevalence among various populations and researching the many health and social consequences. The United States is both the largest producer of drug research in the world and the world’s only â€Å"drug-control superpower.†The simultaneous leadership in social science and world agenda setting is not the result of a symbiotic relationship between American research and policy making.During adolescence, friends and peers become far more influential than before, and intimate dating relationships become primary interests (Laursen & Williams, 1997).Along with these important developmental changes, however, come increased risks of pregnancy, sexually transmitted disease, and abuse by and toward dating partners (Leaper & Anderson, 1997).As well, alcohol and drug use and abuse enters the picture, which may contribute to the occurrence of the other risk behaviors (Milgram, 1993; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1999). Although some of these developments are harmless, there is a growing awareness of the importance of education and prevention to increase teens' personal safety and responsibility.Not surprisingly, prominent adolescent risk behaviors are alcohol and drug abuse, unsafe sexual behavior, and dating violence-share many of the same contributing risk factors, although to important and differing degrees.These include problems related to the family, such as family conflict and violence, poor relationship attachment, early and persistent behavior problems, as well as peer and academic problems, such as school failure, peer rejection, and exposure to community violence. In addition to the above, teen pregnancy, early sexual intercourse, and risky sexual behaviors are associated with early onset of puberty, truancy, and delinquency (Kilpatrick, Acierno, Saunders, Resnick, & Best, 2000).In the absence of compensatory factors, such as education and social co mpetence, these varied risk factors can contribute to or become risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol use is associated with teen pregnancy and violence).Common Elements:A common family element found among teens who engage in these high risk behaviors is the amount of time spent without proper adult involvement or supervision (Dishion, Capaldi, Spracklen, & Li, 2005).Not surprisingly, children who grow up in caring and supportive homes are more likely to resist risky behaviors, while children who have grown up witnessing or experiencing alcohol abuse or violence in their homes, having poor family structure and insecure attachment-related experiences are more likely to be less resistant to these same risky, unhealthy behaviors.A description of the age, gender, and ethnic identities of youth who engage in high risk behavior is provided by the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, which tracks data regarding many health risk behaviors for adolescents in the United States.According to this data, bl ack youth, for example, report significantly higher rates of sexual intercourse before age 13 than do Whites and Hispanics, while White youth report the highest levels of forced sexual intercourse. Black youth also report less alcohol consumption at last sexual intercourse and higher condom use than do White and Hispanic youth.Not surprisingly, males report more alcohol use before the age of 13 than females, across all ethnic groups (YRBSS). However, these data on prevalence of self-reported adolescent risk behaviors is descriptive only, and tells little about the contextual factors contributing to such risk.While looking closer at some of the factors that may contribute to the mentioned risk behaviors, the one can see that alcohol use among teenagers remains prevalent in today's society. A national probability sample of 4,023 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 found that 15% of the sample used alcohol, 10% used marijuana, and 2% reported hard drug use in the past year (Kilpa trick et al. 2000).Although some alcohol consumption among adolescents is considered normative, there is great concern for the number of teens who are exhibiting signs of alcohol abuse or dependence with 7% of the above sample meeting diagnostic criteria for alcohol, marijuana, or hard drug abuse or dependence.Trends in alcohol use reported in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey indicate that binge drinking (five or more drinks on one occasion during the 30 days prior to the survey) has shown little variation over the past several years, ranging from 31.3% in 1991 to 33.4% in 1997 to 31.5% in 1999 (Centers for Disease Control, 2000). Binge drinking continues to be a problem among youth and needs to be targeted specifically.

Breathing walls technology

In developed countries, people spend 90% of their lives inside buildings. During this time, the nature of the enclosed environment has direct impact on the lives of the occupants. It is therefore imperative that the buildings have conducive environment where this will impact the lives of the occupants. The buildings that are there today have serious problems about the indoor air quality. The US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) agrees to the fact that 30% of new or buildings which have been renovated have IAQ problems.This has been ranked as the most prominent problem. In regions where there is high climates like Japan, there has been need to utilize breathing walls technology; this has been achieved easily with the use of passive ventilation done at the surfaces of walls, an approach which has been deemed as a success. The installations of systems such as these have been seen to be effective and provide an easy way of providing a healthy and comfortable environment with higher ene rgy efficiency.With this in mind, this paper will therefore look at the development of â€Å"Breathing Wall† technology which is constructed using Aluminum sheets that form a multiple air-layered architecture. Studies that have been done in the past allude to the fact that passive ventilation systems can provide sufficient thermal insulation and provide a way where moisture can be transmitted for temperature-climate regions even when the amount of air being infiltrated increases as a result of strong wind in the outside. In this study, there is a practical passive ventilation system which is being considered.In this study, breathing walls were installed on the opposite sides of a scale mock-up house constructed outdoors and the properties of natural ventilation, thermal insulation, moisture transmission and indoor climate in natural weather conditions were analyzed extreme. Literature review There have been a lot of strategies that have been embraced so that the removal of ai r pollutants can be achieved. All in all, there are design strategies that have been employed from time immemorial in the quest to get conducive working and living environments for buildings.The first line of attack was the use of avoidance of products that contain solvents, glues and plastics. There is an increasing production of commercial products like paint, glues, materials, and systems. Exclusion is also another strategy that has been used in the past to eradicate corrosive elements from the walls of the buildings. Exclusion is another strategy that can be used to provide IAQ. The control of radon, as an example, requires that there be an airtight floor and basement system. The exclusion of radon from the interior environment must be a serious consideration for the design of an IAQ.The ventilation of living areas does aid radon control, but is important to have a design and build the ground floor or basement as airtight as possible so that penetration to the building can be av oided. The use of systems approach is another strategy that can be used to provide IAQ. The problem with this is the fact that these strategies cannot be used on their own. There is need to have a holistic approach in the provision of internal air quality. In the past there has been the approach of using offgas material and this has been a necessary approach.However, ventilation, air barriers, humidity control, and high surface temperatures can work together so that better IAQ can be achieved. This is better than using either approach independently. The use of â€Å"atmungsfaehig† or breathable walls then promised to be a better approach towards the getting of internal air quality. This was recommended by designers of healthy housing. This was especially recommended by the Baubiologie; the term is itself used in an imprecise manner in the English language (George, & Ritz, 1994). There has been confusion in the use of the term.A review of the literature shows that what constit utes a â€Å"breathing wall† is still not clear. Although breathing wall implies good flow of air, this is not always the case. When used scientifically, this term means that there is an open flow of vapor diffusion. This combination of properties makes it possible for a large amount of water vapor to be absorbed quickly. This regulates room climate and hence indoor air quality. Although other gases are also capable of diffusing through walls, water vapor is one of the very important determinants of air quality in a room. They determine the healthy of a room.In the design of healthy houses, the design of interior partitions and internal design is based on making sure that water vapor breathability is achieved. Breathing wall infrastructure The breathing wall is composed of a component which is core and is constructed using aluminum foils, and interior/exterior materials. The use of aluminum foils is chosen because they have high reflectance and low remittance thus they can co unteract the loss of thermal insulation capability due to the presence of several air layers. There are factors which must be considered in the construction of the breathing wall.These factors include: i. The number of internal fouls that should be included in the wall ii. The thickness of the wall is of paramount importance iii. The rate of flow of air through the wall should also be considered. This is important because it influences the thermal insulation capability. iv. The diameter of the hole and the spacing of each of the foil sheet is also important consideration as it influences the air flow rate and the transmission of the moisture (Jonathan, & Woodha, 1997). Design constraints There are design constraints which are used in the construction of the breathing wall technology.They are as follows: i. Continual indoor ventilation under natural conditions using no air-conditioning equipment. ii. The entire surface of the wall should be able to give proper ventilation (air infilt ration), which is controlled by heat recovery inside the wall in order to lower heat losses. iii. High thermal insulation capability iv. There should be no disturbance of the indoor air distribution v. There should be prevention of internal condensation by controlling the amount of moisture passing through the inner structure of the wall.

Exercise Your College Reading Skills

Exercise Your College Reading Skills Your college career depends largely on your ability to read well. However, its a fact that some of the most brilliant minds, including Albert Einstein, were not great readers. You may be frustrated if you understand advanced material but have trouble getting it from the page into your brain. Here are some tips on how to improve your reading skills and your grades. Indulge in Pleasure Reading Daily Sure, you spend most of your day reading textbooks and other course-related content. It is hoped that you enjoy at least some of what youre reading. However, set aside some time before bed to read something you truly enjoy. Choose a magazine, chick lit, a classic novel, or the hottest creative nonfiction. When youre engaged in what youre reading, youll be more attentive and naturally improve your reading skills. Allow Enough Time Scheduling regular study times throughout the week is a good idea anyway, but particularly if you find reading challenging. Leaving all of your reading assignments for the last minute makes you feel pressured to fly through the material, which is never good for deep understanding or long-term memorization. Read While You Listen Listening to an audiobook as you follow along with a print version can be an enjoyable experience. While it may sound like overkill, this double-input method is a great way to improve weaker reading skills. Hearing the words pronounced aloud as you read them will improve your retention of vocabulary and your comprehension. Just be sure that your audiobook is an unabridged version; otherwise, you may have a hard time skipping ahead to the right spot in your book. Read to Yourself You may not have access to a recorded version of your school texts. If your roommate is gone frequently or tends to wear headphones a lot, try reading aloud as you study. Hearing the words may increase your comprehension and retention of the material. Use a Reading App It may contradict what weve said above, but if youre an average reader, pronouncing words in your head as you read may slow you down. After all, you have the capacity to read words far faster than you can speak them. Therefore, while some people have reading difficulties that respond best to vocalization, others do better to quiet the voice in their head. An app like Syllable can actually teach you how to become a speed-reader. Eliminate Distractions Online Who can read when there are ads, links, pictures of cats, and other distractions on the margins of a webpage? Install a browser add-on or plugin that allows you to read a clean version of the primary content. Youll read faster and remember more of what you read. Use a Dictionary or Thesaurus If you understand every word that you read in college textbooks, youre probably a professor by now. Dont just skip over unfamiliar words. That one definition may clarify an entire paragraph. Make sure you have a dictionary or thesaurus site or app nearby whenever youre reading. Take Care of Your Eyes Even though youre young, youre staring at screens and pages for hours a day. Human eyes simply werent designed for so much effort. If you struggle even the slightest bit with reading, be sure to get an eye exam. Glasses or contacts might make a huge difference in your reading ability. Furthermore, dry eyes are a common affliction today, so always have a bottle of artificial tears on hand. You blink less when you stare at a computer screen, so youll need to replenish that lost moisture regularly. The more comfortable your eyes are, the better youll be at reading. Some people are natural-born readers, but that doesnt mean that you cant improve your skills significantly. Get into good reading habits and make use of the tools that are available to you. When you can read well, you can accomplish anything.

Causes and Effect Essays - Walmart, Retailing, Criticism Of Walmart

auses and Effect 1. Lack cleanliness and tidiness -the store is always crowded and customers litter everywhere. -not enough labor hours to clean the big store -part time employees do not care about the stores cleanliness 2. Stores are not restocking shelves fast enough. - bad communication between front and back end of the store - some of the merchandise are not up to date - not enough labor hours to do routine stocking therefore shelves were left bare - Walmart has cut so many employees during recession that it no longer has enough workers to stock its shelves properly. - Walmart reduced the range of merchandise it carried to make stores less cluttered. Unfortunately, customers did not like the change, and Walmart added merchandise back but did not add enough employees back 3. Prices are not always as low as competitors. -there are stores who deal lower prices at similar sales -the production cost high that causes high prices. In oder to 4. Digital services need to be integrated with physical stores.( allowing online services) -the store is huge and hectic. -some customers do not like to waiting in line that caused by the slow worker. -parking place is far from the store. -fewer sales associates, less management, and longer lines at the check-out register.

Googling Out of Control Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Googling Out of Control Case Study - Essay Example In the modern day context, culture has a major role to play supporting different business organisations to fulfil their respective predetermined business targets. The significant concern of organisational culture is regarded as a valuable aspect that includes norms, rules, values as well as working systems of the organisations. The behaviour of employees is considered to be the other vital aspect that is included in the culture of an organisation. It has been apparently observed that every organisation has its own approach towards building an effective workplace culture. Organisation culture is directly responsible for enhancing the overall performances of the organisations by a greater level. In this regard, the example of Google Inc. will depict a clear picture based on the above mentioned facts. It has been viewed in this similar background that Google possess a working culture in its workplace that gives maximum liberty to its employees concerning dress, eat and behave as well as to perform in accordance with what they desire. This can be regarded as one of the vital and the major reasons for the effective performance of the company throughout the globe. With this concern, this paper intends to elaborate and critically analyse the organisational culture and â€Å"Googley way of working†. Brief Overview of the Company (Google) Google Inc. is popularly known as one of the most widely used search engines of the world. It was established in the year 1998 as a global technology company which mainly focuses on improving the approach through which people acquire relevant information about any subject matter or topic. In the year 201, the company shifts its area of focus on search and advertising through which the company succeeded to attain substantial revenues. It has been learnt that the company was founded by the duo of Sergey Brin and Larry Page who were students in Stanford College. The prime motto of the company is to organize and provide all the information and make accessible to all people throughout the entire globe. The company has its official headquarter in California and operates in almost different corners of the globe. It has gained the reputation to be called as the leading search engine of the world (Google, 2013). Critical Analysis of the Organizational Culture of Google and its Way of Working Organisational culture is regarded to be one of the vital aspects that directly impose significant impact upon the overall performance of the companies by a considerable level. The notion i.e. organisational culture is typically regarded as the collective behaviour of the people belonging to any particular organisation. It has been viewed that cultures of any organisation encompasses values, norms, beliefs and working system among others. An organisation is identified from its culture which needs to be effectively organised. Organisational culture may be defined as shared value that preserve by members of any organisation so that it can present itself differently from other organisations. Different organisations possess dissimilar sorts of organisational culture. There pertain numerous characteristics that can be observed to be involved in the formation of an effective organisational culture. In this similar context, innovation and risk taking approach of the employees is amid the v ital characteristics of an organisation’s culture. Detailed analysis of a particular task is another feature of organisational culture. The degree to which the employees of any organisation give attention in every detail is also a part of organisation culture. Furthermore it has also been noted that working in teams and delivering desired results are

Screening report on either Seven summurai, Wooden Camera or Totsi Essay

Screening report on either Seven summurai, Wooden Camera or Totsi - Essay Example ny films from the analyst’s perspective, we can, without prompting from film critics or historians, begin to understand Kurosawa’s own sense of Japanese nationalism. Perhaps in even more depth, we might gain a sense of what can be described as traditional nationalism. In other words, in his films Kurosawa forefronts the Japanese pre World War II traditions arising out of patriarchal family, honor, humility, and loyalty to Japan’s imperial emperor. There is, too, a great expression of Kurosawa’s sentiment towards the Japanese role in World War II, and the Japanese nuclear holocaust, which brought about an end to the war in the Pacific. His expressions comes through in the director’s choices and use of symbolism, and in contrasting tradition with the move away from tradition, especially the move away from loyalty to the emperor, and towards World War II militaristic governance. This brief analysis, to focus on these elements, we’ll limit that range of focus to just one film, The Samurai Seven. This film embodies Kurosawa’s own sense of traditional nationalism, his sense of his pre and post war culture, and even comments on the Japanese nuclear holocaust. It is important to keep in mind that The Seven Samurai is a post war film. Kurosawa was well received in Japan, even before his great post World War II film career commenced, which was the period for which he is most well known. Sanshiro Sugata was financed in part by the pre World War II Japanese Film Council because, historian David Cook writes, government officials misinterpreted Kurosawa’s metaphoric message, and perceived the film to be useful as propaganda (Cook, 1996, 833). Most of the Japanese filmmaking in the pre World War II era was focused on works that would help move Japan away from imperialism, and toward a military control over the government that was eager to expand Japanese authority and control in East Asia. For the most part, Japanese cinema was very nationalistic, and,

Descriptive Ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Descriptive Ethnography - Essay Example The Hispanics as demonstrated by the young Hispanic female emphasize on respect on all their forms of communication and rarely initiate conversations since they prefer to be approached. Mostly, the Hispanics interpret eye contact as a more confrontational body language and further considers that being ignored is as a sign of disrespect and offensive. The Hispanics do avoid too much gesturing and insist on maintaining an accepting attitude. The Hispanics are never contented with some questions such as questions concerning immigration status and religion and are seen to be very expressive in communication. Majority of Hispanics are Roman Catholic which acts as the main source for both information and are also known to be people who are very proud of their heritage hence do not forget their origin (Roll & Irwin, 2008). A young Hispanic female around 19-20 talks on her cell phone while walking towards the cafeteria and is wearing a red jacket with SF 49’ers logo in the back. She m ust be a 49’ers fan or maybe because of the hotness of the 49’ers hence suggesting her love for hot things. The Hispanic girl wears big round gold earrings and has her nails painted red and well kept. She loves herself so much and adores elegance and fashion as the Hispanic culture explains. She looks fashionable and elegance as she puts her black backpack on her left shoulder. The backpack looks empty hence suggesting her love for stylishness. She wears blue jeans that look like the fancy type due to its washed out color and a logo. that is not recognizable. Her full tan purse on her right shoulder looks fuller than her backpack may be to show her adoption to the current trends and fashion of carrying purse. The purse may be carrying her make ups that ensure she looks beautiful all the time and anywhere. She walks so fast but she is not in a hurry maybe because of her fear for eyes and the fact that Hispanic culture does not recognize much the female gender. She must be hurrying to get away from the possible onlookers or admirers who may get a glimpse of her. She wears a smile on her face with her head rocking front and back perhaps to gain confidence. She does not seem to be having enough confidence especially when she is amidst many people. She does not seem to care about what happens around her as she hurriedly disappears into the cafeteria without looking sideways (Roll & Irwin, 2008). The patterns of communication amongst the African Americans are mostly familiar with Anglo American patterns. The African Americans are largely affected by the past incidents of racism and sense of subjection in their interactions thus making them show respect at all times while communicating. This group of people believe in a prolonged eye contact which is always seen as confrontational or aggressive and would mostly seek assistance from the religious leaders if need arose (Pinn, Finley & Alexander, 2009). The African Americans do not address people by their first names which are construed as lack of respect but may use the first names if they are urged to do so. This group of pe

Nonsurgical Endodontic Management Case Study

Nonsurgical Endodontic Management Case Study Introduction The main aim of any endodontic treatment is to thoroughly debride and disinfect the root canal system followed by the contouring of root canal walls and apical tip, for the purpose of sealing the root canal completely with a condensed, inert filling material. Failure to acknowledge the presence of an additional root canal during an endodontic treatment is amongst the major causes of an endodontic treatment failure. Other causes include inappropriate canal instrumentation, incomplete obturation and untreated major canals. An important key to success of any root canal treatment is proper understanding of the anatomy of root canal system this can be achieved by knowledge of the morphology of the root and root canal systems of teeth and diagnostic imaging techniques are required for successful root canal treatment, especially in mandibular premolar teeth (England et al. 1991). In-depth knowledge about the occurrence of atypical external and internal root canal morphologies contributes to the success of root canal treatment. It has been indicated by slowey that due to the variations in the root canal anatomy of mandibular premolars, they have a high flare up and failure rate and are hence the most difficult teeth to treat. Both the mandibular first and second premolars most often have a single root and a single canal, however, anomalies of the root and root canal systems as well as multiple canals have been reported in the literature (Baisden et al. 1992, Robinson et al. 2002).4 Zillich and Dowson have, in a definitive anatomical study, unveiled the occurrence of three canals in mandibular second premolars to be 0.4%.5 The mandibular first premolars show a large variation in the occurrence of number of root canals and apical foramina. Data from anatomical studies report that three rooted mandibular first premolars are rare, about 0.2%.6 This case report presents a case of a successful nonsurgical endodontic management of a mandibular first premolar with three separate roots using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Case Report A twenty four year old female patient of Indian origin, with the chief complaint of intermittent pain along with food lodgement in the lower left back region of jaw since 3 months, was referred to the Post Graduate Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. Patient also complained of bleeding from gums while brushing since eight months. Medical and dental history was non-contributory. On clinical examination, patients oral hygiene was found to be moderate. Deep occlusal carious lesion was seen with respect to tooth # 34 and 35 and both the teeth were found to be tender on percussion, with no associated periodontal pockets. Neither the affected nor the contralateral side of the crown of the mandibular first premolar showed any unusual anatomy in terms of number of cusps and dimensions. A lingering response was seen on heat testing and electric pulp testing. No evidence of swelling or sinus tract was seen. Intra oral periapical radiographic evaluation of the involved tooth revealed normal mandibular first premolar root anatomy. There was widening of the periodontal ligament space with periapical radiolucency around the root of tooth #34. A diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis was made based on clinical and radiographic evidences. After the administration of local anesthesia (2% Lidocaine with1:80,000 adrenaline), access was gained to the pulp chamber under isolation and conventional access opening was done to locate the canal. Tactile examination of the walls of the major canals was done with a small precurved pathfinder file, while locating the canal, which was proceeded slowly down each wall of the major canal, probing for a catch. A slight catch may indicate the orifice of an additional canal, especially in case of the buccal and lingual walls, because these are not generally visible on the radiograph. . On thorough inspection of the pulp chamber floor, three separate root canal orifices were detected (one mesiobuccal, one mesiolingual, and one distal). With the help of a pathfinder file, access cavity was temporarily sealed with Cavit, and to confirm the root morphology, the patient was referred to an oral and maxillofacial radiologist for a cone-beam computed tomography. CBCT of the mandible was performe d using the CS 3D imaging, after obtaining an informed consent of the patient. A three-dimensional image of the mandible was obtained. The involved tooth was focused, and the morphology was obtained in transverse, axial, and sagittal sections with a thickness of 0.48 mm, along with three-dimensional reconstructed images. The axial image obtained from CBCT confirmed the presence of three roots in mandibular first pre molar # 34. The roots were found to be mesiobuccal, mesiolingual and distal . After re-isolating the tooth, coronal flaring of all the three canals was carried out using Gates Glidden drills and working length was determined using an apex locator, which was later confirmed by a radiograph. The canals were cleaned and shaped up to ISO #35 masterapical file under copious irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA. The root canals were dried with sterile paper points, followed by temporary sealing of the access cavity with Cavit (3M ESPE AG, Seefeld, Germany). The patient was re-scheduled a week after for follow up. The tooth was found to be completely asymptomatic after a week, and the roots canals were obturated by cold lateral compaction of gutta-percha using AH26 sealer (Kemdent; Associated Dental Products Ltd, Wiltshire, UK). A postoperative radiograph was taken (Figure 3B), and the access cavity was permanently restored using universal amalgam restorative material. Discussion Diagnosis and management of extra roots and root canals in mandibular premolars is one of the major challenges in endodontics. 8-18 Therefore, the clinician must have an appropriate knowledge about the normal root canal anatomy and the most common variations associated. Inability to find, debride and obturate a root canal has been reported to be a major reason for failures in endodontic treatment. 19Based on race, only one study by Trope et al. has showed an increased prevalence of two or more canals in mandibular first premolar in African American patients as compared to Caucasian American patients .20 The failure rate in mandibular first premolar was shown to be 11.45% according to the Washington study. 21This might be due to the extreme variations in the root canal morphology of the mandibular premolar teeth and therefore poses an endodontic challenge to the clinician. Considering the high prevalence of aberrations in these teeth, an endodontist must suspect the presence of one or more missed canals, when a patient returns with persistent post-operative pain or sensitivity to hot and cold. Judicious use of high-end diagnostic aids should also be considered in such cases. Radiographs obtain two-dimensional images of three dimensional objects, resulting in superimposition of the images. Therefore, they are of limited use in complex root canal anatomy cases. Interpretation based on a two-dimensional radiograph may circumspect the clinician of the presence of aberrant root canal anatomy but cannot completely show the morphological structure of the root canals and their interrelations .22 Based on the results of previous studies carried out by Kottoor et al., and La et al. wherein spiral CT was used for the confirmatory diagnosis of morphological aberrations in the root canal anatomy, CBCT of the involved tooth was planned in the present case .23-25 The 3D CBCT images in this study revealed three roots (mesiobuccal, mesiolingual and distal ), with three distinct canals, each canal having a separate apical orifice as compared to the two dimensional radiograph which showed only one root, just like the anatomy of a typical single-rooted mandibular first premolar, that led to a false diagnosis and treatment plan. This is probably why the mandibular first premolar is known as an enigma to the endodontist. However, the high cost and inaccessibility to the patient as well as the extra radiations as compared to the standard radiographic methods makes its routine use limited.We can therefore conclude that a thorough knowledge of the root canal anatomy and its variations, careful interpretation of the radiographs, close clinical examination of the floor of the chamber and proper techniques of access opening along with adequate magnification are essential for successful treatment outcome. Conclusion The mandibular premolar teeth can present with extremely complex root and root canal system morphology, and if not considered during treatment can lead to difficulties when performing root canal treatment. The use of 3D CBCT is a valuable tool in studying the variations that may occur in root canal anatomy.

Deadbeat Parents :: essays research papers

Parents who do not pay their child support are deadbeat parents. This creates a hardship for the case managers in the child support office, the legal staff in preparing documents and court appearances, but most importantly, the children who are the recipients of the child support. Child support enforcement exists to help ensure that every child receives the support that is required by law. This process begins through court ordered divorce, paternity genetic testing, or application made directly to the child support office. Through a court ordered divorce proceeding, the absent parent (the individual who is not awarded custody) is required to pay child support. Guidelines are established for determining the amount to be paid and an order is established. If an individual is in disagreement with an order a paternity genetic test can be given. A custodial parent can complete an application to submit to the local child support enforcement office. Once this is received, the application goe s through several processes. First, an establishment case manager reviews the paperwork and has appointments with both parties involved. Once the order is established, through the case manager or child support court, the case goes to an enforcement case manager. This person is responsible for enforcing the child support order by maintaining contact with the absent parent, securing employment information, address, etc. If an individual fails to comply with the order, another process begins. The case is referred to the legal department for enforcement. Paperwork issued from the court is mailed to the individual requiring them to appear in court on a specific date and time. If they do appear, they are given an opportunity to explain why they are not meeting their order. If this is acceptable by the judge, they are given another opportunity to comply. In most cases, the absent parents do not show up for court and a contempt warrant is issued. These deadbeats are not easily found. The ch ild support enforcement office has to depend on information received from concerned citizens.

Ways to make learning a fun experience in school

East is east and west is west. Never the twain shall meet' said Rudyard Kipling. ‘Learning is learning and fun is fun. Never the twain shall meet' said a student. It is time to make that possible now. It is time to end the era in which children hated school. It is time to get rid of the old teaching techniques and keep in pace with modern day technology. It is time to stop using the chalk on the board and make a change in the lives of the generations to come. We are making progress. India in the 1 lth century had schooling in gurukuls.Young boys were taught archery and sword fighting skills. Children used to sit under trees with their slates and chalks and practice sums. Today, we belong to a digital generation that demands innovative methods of absorbing information. Scope in this field is tremendous. Over the years, schools have moved from black boards to smart boards, from typewriters to computers and from a rigid education system to a spontaneous fun experience of school. T he oxford dictionary defines fun as ‘light amusement' but every individual has his own definition of fun.We always find it funny when a child remembers the xact dialogues of the latest film but finds it difficult to answer the questions from their history text book. So to create and exciting atmosphere, the interest of a child is crucial. Audio-video and movies with children's favorite stars help in absorbing the required knowledge. Recorded food preparation television shows and scenes from famous plays can be shown. Colorful pictorials and animations speak louder than a thousand words. Learning in groups with friends also reinforces many facts. Occasional challenges like quizzes and spelling bees help in building an attitude f or many students.Practicals are very beneficial. It would be great to have a multi touch technology where a science student could perform a surgery or an electronics student could assemble and disassemble a computer or a car on the I-pad. User friendly applications would help art students practice their paintings on the smart board before actually starting on a canvas. Online interaction is fun where social studies are concerned. E-program software can be used to exchange knowledge of cultures over the globe. Software should be made in the form of stories with songs as it reinforces important points in the minds of children.Students spend countless hours on social networking sites. These sites can be used for group discussions if the students are too shy to open up in class. Teachers should be provided suitable platforms to host classroom online communities. Project ideas can be shared and there is a teacher and student collaboration. The classroom should be extended beyond the four walls. Projects give need for individual research which pushes students and gives them reason to learn more about their subject. A lot of new ideas and creative inventions are needed for transforming the traditional classroom with ophisticated teaching tools.Visiting destinations of projects is very realistic and enriching. Project tours can be conducted if required, thus increasing the examples and applications of these technologies are growing exponentially. These are the solutions to meet the needs of the 21st century learning environment. Such an exciting environment is a must for an enhanced schooling experience. We do not know for sure where these technologies are taking us but indeed students are finding good strong results. Through everyday explorations like these in the classroom, we are building steps towards the future..

Newspapers’ role in society Essay

Mass media is a distinctive element of today’s society. Together, the different elements are a product of societal change, forced regulations, rising living standards, and technological modernization. Mass media includes mediums such as magazines, television, internet, radio, cinema, video games, and cellular telephones. The ability to mass communicate with these devices has had such a massive impact that Denis McQuail describes that â€Å"the mass media has primary and crucial importance for the integration of the diverse secular worlds of modern men into coherence and unity† (32). There is no doubt among theorists that media is influencing society, but there are different theories that suggest that it may be society influencing media, not media influencing society. This essay shall look at newspapers’ past and present, and how they will continue to affect the world we live in. In the early 1950s after WWII, American communication made deep inroads into Europe, and words like â€Å"mass†, â€Å"effects†, and â€Å"functions† organized research on both sides of the Atlantic (Curran 407). Almost a decade later, some of the biggest research took place in 1959, when Elihu Katz argued that people need to concentrate less on what the media do to people and more on what people do with media (McQuail 71). Dennis McQuail sides with Katz, in believing that peoples contact with media is of utmost importance, stating, â€Å"media is helping in enabling people to bring about a more satisfying relationship between themselves and the people around them† (71). The views are across the board, pointing in both directions, but research continues even today as to what extent life is changing because of emerging technologies. Not only the substance of what is being communicated is important, but just as vital is the process. Technological innovations have assisted in supplying content for our media forms, and also the circuits and motherboards of how they are made are affecting the ways which society operates. Both aspects have a hand in the creation of the world we live in today, and should be realized when reading this essay. Mass media first appeared on the scene as newspapers. The newspaper was the first medium of communication with a genuinely mass character. U.S newspaper firms had slow growth until the 1800s. It was in the 1830s that the population concentration in cities and the spread of mass literacy provided  a market for mass press (Wells 7). The news could finally be spread on paper, rather than word of mouth. The entire world was suddenly in-the-know about what was happening around them. Newspapers made the transition from the realm of the educated, to serving a wide range of people from this time thought the Civil War (Grant, Meadows 8). The development of advertising, telegraph, and improved production methods have assisted newspapers in reaching a worldwide audience, and eventually being the main source of news for years to come. To this day 97% of towns have only one newspaper to choose from for local news (Wells 7). This idea of newspaper monopolies is discouraging to the market, because only one view is being seen on the issue. No single company is at fault though, because starting a newspaper or radio station these days requires far more investment and risk then in previous years. Despite other forms of news, the newspapers industry is still growing today. In 2002, there were over 10,000 newspaper firms in the United States, and over half the country reading a newspaper daily (Grant, Meadows 9). The future of newspapers looks to be heading toward the digital world, against many wishes of traditional newspaper readers. Flexibility from digital methods has increased newspapers’ ability to deliver zoned editions that reduce unprofitable readership in areas far away from print facilities (Grant, Meadows 10). By the end of the 20th century, over two-thirds of U.S. newspapers maintained websites that offered classified advertising (Grant, Meadows 10). According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, the majority of the population prefers to purchase the printed edition rather than viewing the electronic edition (Grant, Meadows 11). This may change though, because digital news is rather new, and websites such as cnn.com can be updated on the hour informing viewers of up-to-the minute news, instead of waiting for the next days edition to receive that same news. McQuail, Denis. Towards a Sociology of Mass Communication. London. MacMillian Publishers Limited, 1968 Curran, James, Gurevitich, Michael, Woolacott, Janet. Mass Communication and Society. 1st ed. London: Edward Arnold Publishers, 1979 Katz, Elihu, Szecsko, Tamas. Mass Media and Social Change. London: Sage.1981 Wells, Alan. Mass Media and Society. Palo Alto, National Press Books. 1972 Grant, August and Jennifer Meadows. Communication Technology Update. Oxford: Focal Press, 2004.

Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development

Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development Introduction The developments of drugs often undergo various processes before being introduced into the market. One of the processes is the preclinical trials. Preclinical trials are conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the drug on the treatment of the targeted disease (Mulay, 2001). According to the procedures and regulations governing drug development, preclinical trials are conducted in various stages ranging from the first stage to the third stage of phase.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each phase has distinct characteristics, activities and requirements as defined by the regulatory bodies. Apart from determining the effectiveness of the drug, pre-clinical trials are conducted to establish any side effects of the new drugs that may cause harm to individuals (Mulay, 2001). In other words, pre-clinical trials are con ducted to ascertain the effectiveness, mode of application as well as other clinical aspects of the drug before its administration. Preclinical trial phases in drug development In most countries, pre-clinical trials are conducted in three stages or phases. In the first phase, clinical trials are conducted in order to observe the behavior of the new drug in a small sample. In essence, the experiments are conducted using a small population to prove various assertions as well as to establish some aspects of clinical practices during the administration of the drug (Hackshaw, 2011). In addition, the findings in the first phase inform the procedures as well as activities in the subsequent phases. In other words, some aspects in phase two and three are based on the findings of the first phase. In the second phase, further trials are conducted to provide more data particularly on the safety of the new drug and the way it work to treat the target disease (Mulay, 2001). The second phase estab lishes the pharmacological processes as well as the side effects of the drug. In the final phase, the pre-clinical trials are conducted in a larger sample and compare the effects of the drug on the experiment and the standard effect or treatment. The procedure and activities in the third phase is almost a repetition of the first phase. However, the population used for the trials in the third phase is large. In fact, the researchers and medical practitioners conduct the pre-clinical trials through elaborate experimental processes designed to examine the effect of the drug on the subjects as well as the changes in the behavior due to the effects of the new drug (Hackshaw, 2011). Every phase in the preclinical trials is intended to give diverse data concerning the treatment process of the new drug. The information required includes, safety, working processes as well as the doses (Spilker, 2000). In essence, preclinical trials are intended to provide more information on the laboratory p roof of the underlying hypothesis concerning the application of new drug and treatment processes.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, before the preclinical trials, the new drug is subjected to the laboratory tests to prove the underlying hypothesis. The laboratory experiments involve testing of theoretical hypothesis on the drug formulation (Mulay, 2001). The laboratory process is always an elaborate process and takes several years to turn theoretical concept into practical treatment. The laboratory experimentations confirm the effectiveness of the new drug. The pre-clinical trials are based on the results from the laboratory experimentations. Similarities and differences in the first and the third phases in the preclinical trials As indicated, the first and the third phase are similar in many cases. However, the differences also exist in many fronts. T he main aim in the first phase of preclinical trial involves establishing the safety of consumption of new drug (Spilker, 2000). The first phase follows the laboratory experimentation process. Therefore, the first phase in the preclinical trials is conducted on individuals. The procedures in establishing the effectiveness of the drug in the first phase are similar to the procedures in the third phase. In proving such drugs or treatment, the doctors carry out activities ranging from amassing statistics on the dose, timing as well as the wellbeing of the treatment. The involvements of people in the first phase of preclinical trials enable first-hand treatment or the amalgamation of various therapies (Spilker, 2000). The activities involved in the first phase of preclinical trials involve the steady amplification of the prescribed amount of drug under study. The gradual increase in the dosage known as dose escalation enables the dosage that produces optimal results without causing hars h side effects. In the process, the patients are initially administered with smaller amounts of the drug dosage (Hackshaw, 2011). In most cases, side effects are not observed in the first administration of the drug to a patient. The drug has to be applied to several patients in order to establish the side effects. Also included in the first phase of preclinical trials is the method of administering the drug. Investigators establish if the drug is administered orally or injected into the bloodstream. In addition, the fisrt phase establishes the reactions of the drug in the body including the way the drug spread into the body. The prescribed procedures are similar to the third phase and the only difference is the population of the patients being used. The performances of the first phase of preclinical trials are estimated to last for about a year. In addition, the first phase of preclinical trials often encompasses a minimal number of participants ranging from ten to twenty a distinct ive difference with other phases. Further, the first phase offer treatment to individuals’ diseases working against the preceding therapies (Mulay, 2001). In contrast, the third phase of preclinical trials aims are to undertake comparison measures between the latest therapies portraying potential outcomes when administered to a small number of patients exhibiting a particular ailment and the contemporary care standards of the explicit malady (Hackshaw, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phases of Preclinical Trials in Drug Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the third phase involves gathering of data from a large figure of patients. As a result, the doctors are capable of establishing the effectiveness of the new drug as well as the extent of its side effects on the patients compared to the current standards. Another important aspect of the third phase of preclinical trials is that the experiments are often carried out as random trials. In essence, investigations on the standard application of the drug are conducted unevenly. Further, the third phase of clinical trials not only focus on the patients with a specific malady, but also encompass patients of diverse ages, ethnicities and both sexes thereby producing results applicable for a large population sample (Hackshaw, 2011). Given the long timeline in the third phase of clinical trials, large sample or population is required to complete the investigation. In most cases, the sample range between seven hundred to two thousand participants. Moreover, the success of the drug in the third phase preclinical trial leads to the application to the approval of the drug by the authorized bodies such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approval of the drug due the successes in the preclinical trials shows that the drug can be administered for a precise use. Investigator brochure The IB (Investigatorâ€⠄¢s Brochure) is an all-inclusive document in drug development. Actually, during the drug preclinical trials, the manuscript sums up the body of info acquired in the study. Once the IB is obtained, it is modernized with fresh information. Throughout the entire procedure of drug development, the document (IB) is critically significant (Hackshaw, 2011). The human areas under discussion gathered in preclinical and clinical trials in study of drugs gets Investigator’s Brochure relevant when compiling data. All through the clinical trials, the investigators obtain essential insights from the IB for the administration of study subjects and study conducts (Hackshaw, 2011). The clinical trial protocol with protection measures and key aspects are set up by the investigator’s brochure. The key aspects may encompass, safety-monitoring procedures, techniques of administration, frequency and dosing intervals, as well as study of drugs. On the other hand, an IB helps the investigato r to clearly comprehend the safety measures, observations, specified examination, adverse reactions, and any possible risks accruing during the clinical trials (Mulay, 2001). In brief, the brochure is a guide and an abstract for the segment of the investigator.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The background knowledge in pharmaceuticals is critical in the investigation process during the third phase of preclinical trials. Moreover, based on the pharmacology and previous human experience of the investigational products, a clinical investigator should be in custody of the guidance (Mulay, 2001). The guide should consider treatment and identification of undesirable drug reaction and probable overdose. The information on the IB must be kept updated through a responsible sponsor. Contents of the investigator brochure in stage one of the product developments The investigator brochure explains all the activities taking place in the first phase of the product development. The brochure explains in details the required insights for the management and conduct of the investigators at the preclinical trials (Spilker, 2000). In addition, the brochure explains the study subjects as well as the effects of the drug throughout the first phase of the preclinical process. The information inc ludes the name of the drug, the development process, the way it works as well as the formula (Spilker, 2000). The specified data regarding the drug are obtained from the results of the laboratory tests. In essence, the investigator brochure in phase one will contain more information about the product. Further, the investigator brochure provides the investigator a summary of the information that guides the trials as well as possible risks and uncertainties that may be encountered during the study (Mulay, 2001). In fact, the brochure will provide the dose development procedure and the characteristics of the subjects that were used in the first phase of preclinical trial. In addition, the brochure will have detailed information regarding the potential risks or the adverse effects of the drug (Spilker, 2000). Moreover, the information concerning the use of the drug, whether in combination or applied singly will also be contained in the first phase investigator brochure. In the dose data , the brochure will provide more information on dose escalations and the observed side effects. Since the first phase is critical in the product development, the investigator brochure will contain more information that provides insights in the application of the drug (Hackshaw, 2011). Moreover, information concerning the drug administration will also be contained on the brochure. In addition, the investigator brochure also indicates how the side effects should be treated. In other words, the investigator brochure contains details on the possible side effects and the manner in which such adverse effects should be countered (Hackshaw, 2011). All the information in the brochure is based on the procedure provided and the results obtained from the trials. In the first phase of the product development, the investigator brochure provides direction on the identification and management on the negative effects of the drug. Conclusion The development of new drug undergoes various stages before being authorized to be used. The phase includes preclinical trials, which are conducted to ascertain the effectiveness of the drug. The preclinical trials are in phases. The first phase of preclinical trials tests the effectiveness and behavior differences of the subjects due to the administration of the new drug in a small sample. Similar aims and procedures are conducted in phase three. However, the third phase requires a large population. The major difference between phase one and phase three is the sample population where the third phase applies the larger sample population. The investigator brochure is critical in the provision of information during the preclinical trials. Specific to first phase of the preclinical trial, the investigator brochure provide the information concerning the new drug. Besides the product information and the investigation procedures, the first phase investigator brochure contains the information concerning the doses, timings as well as the safety of the product. References Hackshaw, A. (2011). A concise guide to clinical trials. Malden, MA: John Wiley Sons. Mulay, M. (2001). A step-by-step guide to clinical trials. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Spilker, B. (2000). Guide to clinical trials. Philadelphia: Raven Press.