The Tragedy of Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar Essay Character List: Flavius tribune who breaks up crowd waiting to honor Caesars triumph Marcellus tribune who breaks up crowd waiting to honor Caesars triumph Julius Caesar Emperor of Rome Casca first to stab Caesar Calpurnia Caesars wife Mark Antony devoted follower of Caesar; defeats Brutus Soothsayer warns Caesar to Beware the Ides of March Brutus joins and then leads the conspiracy to kill Caesar Cassius organizes the conspiracy and gets Brutus to join Cicero Roman Senator Casca to whom talks on the eve of the assassination Cinna plants the forged letter for Cassius, also a conspirator Cinna (the poet) mistaken for Cinna the conspirator Lucius servant to Brutus Decius reinterprets Calpurnias dream and convinces Caesar to go to Senate Metellus distracts Caesars attention so conspirators can carry out their plan Trebonius takes Antony away from the assassination scene so he wont interfere Portia wife of Brutus Ligarius vows to follow Brutus Publius one of many who escort Caesar to the Senate meeting Artemidorus gives Caesar a letter of warning naming the conspirators Papilius wishes Cassius well in his enterprise Octavius heir of Julius Caesar Lepidus joins with Octavius and Antony, used by Octavius and Antony Pindarus servant to Cassius Lucilius captured by Antonys soldiers, mistaken for Brutus Messala reports Portias death, discovers Cassius body Varro servant of Brutus Claudius servant of Brutus Titinius officer, guards tent at Sardis Cato soldier in army of Brutus and Cassius Clitus servant of Brutus, refused to kill Brutus Dardanius servant of Brutus, refused to kill Brutus Volumnius friend and soldier to Brutus, refuses to hold Brutus sword Strato holds Brutus suicide sword Act I 1. In Scene I, what do Flavius and Marcellus want the commoners to do? They want the commoners to break up and move along; they dont want them to celebrate Caesars triumphs. 2. What is the Soothsayers advice to Caesar? The Soothsayer told Caesar to Beware the Ides of March. 3. Explain the difference between the views of Caesar held by Cassius and Brutus. Cassius openly wants Caesar out of power. He is jealous and wants better for himself. Brutus has been thinking about Caesar and the state of his countrymen, and at this point is ready to listen to Cassius. Although Brutus loves Caesar, he recognizes Caesars flaws. 4. Caesar clearly gives his thoughts about Cassius. What does he say? Caesar says that Cassius has a lean and hungry look. He thinks too much and such men are dangerous. 5. Summarize Cascas explanation of why Caesar looked so sad. Antony offered Caesar a crown. When he refused it, the crowd cheered. So, although Caesar really wanted the crown, he at that point could not publicly accept it. Then he had a seizure. 6. At the end of Scene II in lines 312 326, Cassius makes plans. What plans does he make? Why? He is going to forge notes to Brutus from several citizens in order to help sway Brutus against Caesar. 7. Casca says, For I believe they are portentous things/Unto the climate that they point upon. What does he mean? He thinks the list of unnatural sights he has just told Cicero about are signs of the tragedy about to unfold in their country. 8. Why does Cassius want Brutus to join the conspiracy? Brutus is a favorite of the people. He is honorable and well-thought-of.

Innovation and Change Management: Banqer

Innovation and Change Management: Banqer This study will focus on an online financial education software which is based in New Zealand. The study will highlight its mission, vision, objectives and its external environment. It will also outline impact of the internal environment and will lastly recommend certain new types of innovation that can be used by the company. History Banqer evolved out of the extensive rise of the financially illiterate children of the society which has ramifications with it. Banqer is a simulated online banking for classroom that provides helps on ecology for the kids in order to make them creative, curious and confident with money. It pays the students for providing positive behavior and completing the tasks that are assigned in the classroom (Banqer, 2017). With the students, they explore budgeting as they educate themselves with the valuable skills of their life by the management of their desks receiving payment for the privileges of the class. Students aging from 2 to 8 explore various topics that range from savings, interest, and tax to the insurance. Products and services Banqer allows the students to gain knowledge about the financial literacy responsibility in an extremely engaging and an immersive manner. As far as the product is concerned it is an online software which is concerned with education which the teachers and the students prefer (Banqer, 2017). Mission, Vision, objectives The mission lies in improving the financial capabilities of the entire world. Thus making the students well aware of the financial aspects. The vision statement is associating the teachers in order to make Banqer the best. The objective is to improve Banqers space within the domain of where they are positioned now and collaborating with certain movers and shakers in order to understand the worth and the potential of Banqer. Their goal lies in gaining direct experience in terms of education, technology, finance and design (Banqer, 2017). In the year 2016, the main focus of Banqer was in building partnerships both in the financial services as well as in the allied industries. The students in this industry were capable of buying and investing in the virtual properties as they might need to mortgage and earn rental income in order to pay off the amount they have borrowed. Political factors New Zealand has a stable government. Chances of success are huge. Special Education policy. Inclusive education system. Economic factors Resources are available abundantly due to the population of the country. The rate of unemployment is high against 99% literacy. Banqer promotes educational software by hiring skilled staffs. Social factors It is dependent on other countries for business. Spends a minimal amount on research and development. The banking system is strong. Technological factors Educational system is effective. Enrollment for Education Solutions (EES) to provide licensed software IT technology and the usage of Internet. Legal factors The government changes after every three years. Education Legislation Amendment Act 2016 to support digitalization in education sector Education Act 1989 beneficial universally Environmental factors The country has a unique ecological system. Latest technology has been adopted to keep the surrounding clean. Steps created to pollution free country Political factors When a certain company begins its business in this country, it takes into consideration political system, the economic stability along with the law and order of the country so that it can provide the economic strength to the trade and business. As New Zealand has a stable government so there is a huge chance of success due to the impactful rules and the regulations. Hence, the chances of Banqers success is immense. The New Zealand government had conducted changes in the education administration and introduced special education policy along with other policies (Ministry of Education, 2017). The policies and political stability of New Zealand would promote Banqer as the country aims to achieve inclusive education system (Banqer, 2017). Economic factors The economic condition of New Zealand is excellent with 3.5% GDP growth as in 2014 (Tradingeconomics, 2017). Due to the huge population of the country the resources are abundantly available. The products are economical in nature and are easily afforded by everyone. The unemployment is quite high at 3.5% in spite of literacy rate of 99% in the country. Banqer can easily appoint skilled staffs who are willing to work. The company would be able to promote the educational tool in the country to further literate children and decrease unemployment. Social factors The social system of New Zealand is such which is dependent on business with the other countries.As it depends on other countries for technology so it makes them spend quite an amount on the work of research and development. As the banking system is extremely strong so allows foreign direct investment in the country (Banqer, 2017).   Banquer would be impacted by the social status of New Zealand as education imparted using technology would ensure welfare of the country. Technological factors The country has an effective educational system. With the help of the technological advancements it has introduced IT and the use of Internet which has helped Banqer in the provision of its service in this country (Richard, 2012). Due to the various online education facilities it has increased the rate if literacy to almost 99% which is more than most of the countries. Ministry of New Zealand had also launched a program named Enrollment for Education Solutions (EES) to provide licensed program for software which is beneficial for Banqer (Dashper, 2017). Legal factors As the government changes after every three years so there is an establishment of new laws and regulations (Moskovitz, 2016). The Education Legislation Amendment Act 2016 and Education Act 1989 positively impacted Banqer as educational institutes abide by the laws and plan and digitalized their educational status using software (Martin, 2016). Environmental factors People of New Zealand are well aware of the unique ecological system. People have adopted the latest technology in order to cope up with the garbage and helps to not pollute the atmosphere (Crossley, et al., 2015). Certain initiatives are taken in order to make the country free from pollution and dust which is also abided by Banqer. The SWOT analysis is an effective framework to understand how a company in sector compare its internal and external conditions within an industry. Banqer as a startup has been effective in simulating financial exercises and helping students to gain literacy in the topic and subject. The following contains a brief discussion about its various strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengths The major strength of the start-up has been to understand the key to develop STEM (Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) among school kids. In this regard, the company has tried to the bridge the gap that was noted in the endeavours to focus on these subjects in Australian and New Zealand school systems. Another major strength of the company has been word-of-mouth marketing that helped built its credibility, mostly because the teachers who had tried the system understood its ingenuity and efficiency (startupdaily, 2015). The company has also grown on the basis of its partnerships with renowned firms like those in real estate to develop modules for students and attract more kids who would be more interested in such subjects. What has also worked for Banqer is their simple pay model which starts at free of cost for the initial trial period after which 3.5 dollars are charged per student per semester, which can reduce down to 2 dollars if the student signs up for multiple semesters (stuff.co.nz, 2015). It has also partnered with Kiwibank in order to provide better flexibility to students who cannot support their subscription fees. Weaknesses One of the major weaknesses can be noted is the lack of diversification in the kinds of services that are offered. At present, the company is only focussed in the financing subject which could pose problems for the company. Another problem that can be noted is to rope in the appropriate investor for the project. The company is looking to reach a high saturation point before entering into other markets. In this regard, it is looking for investors who can form part of the team but also who need to understand the basic concept of the start-up and not meddle with the inherent strategy of the company. Another initial challenge that had proved to be a weakness in the past was to change the attitude of the schools and parents. While expanding, such a challenge can also be felt in other countries as well. Opportunities: The opportunities for the company have already been identified by one of the co-founders, Kendall Flutey. She has noted that the opportunities lie in expanding the services on a global scale starting with Australia and moving on to the United States. She has also noted that since United States place emphasis on financial based learning, it would be profitable for the business to consider expanding there (Robson, 2016). While finding investors can be an issue while expanding, crowd-funding might also be looked into as a possible source of investment and finding the right of investors who are as motivated on making education convenient rather than making profits. Threats The biggest threat is possibly the over-dependence on the online medium as with the various technological advances, there are several ways, nowadays, in which hackers might interrupt and pose problems for the company and the novelty which had made it successful in the first place. The novelty that has worked for Banqer can also change quickly as more companies see the profit generating capabilities and develop their own versions and certainly with technological advances, there might be better options as well. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Focus on bridging the gap. Valuable partnerships Earning credibility through word-of mouth Lack of diversification in the product range. Getting like-minded investors. Different approach to education can prove to be problematic Expansion Crowd-funding. Over-dependence on the online medium Technological advances Replication by other companies. With the considerable advances in the technological aspects and the ways in which communication is being impacted all over the world, it would be particularly relevant for the company to administer certain changes and develop modules that are more student specific. One of the recent developments that have been made is the CV writing and application process that the company is providing within simulated environments (McNicol, 2016). What is really interesting to note in this regard is the emphasis on student-teacher interaction which is the value of this innovation to the organization. However, the modules and the courses can be noted to be developed on a comprehensive level, and probably it would be hugely beneficial if specific modules are created keeping in mind the specific abilities and needs of the students. Another important aspect has been the developments in the curriculum innovation that is changing the education on global levels. What had been considered to be the most important subjects in school are now being regarded as auxiliary to the main subjects. So, it would be a naturally evolutionary process to incorporate the various developments that are being made all around the world in order to stay updated with the recent developments. The most effective strategy to motivate the innovation would be to develop a basic plan that is flexible in order to incorporate the changes that are being made on a daily basis. In this context, it can be recommended that the company regularly set up meetings with the schools and the educational experts in order to gain a more comprehensive knowledge about the developments that are being made on a global scale. Also, in order to incorporate the changes that are required to be made in terms of providing personal assistance, it would probably be recommended to set up one-to-one sessions with the students in order to understand their personal lacks and how those can be overcome through effective sessions. The task might be tedious at first, but the whole process can be streamlined if teachers are integrated within the system and involved. Banqer has been one of the most efficient online programs in the recent past that has sought to redefine financial literacy for the students. It has been successful in the New Zealand market and hopes to expand. However, the threats of replication can be major problem. In this regard, the company can start innovating and customize their modules to suit the needs of the students.

Gonial Angle as an Indicator for Growth Pattern

Gonial Angle as an Indicator for Growth Pattern ABSTRACT: Aim: To determine the gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle in patients with horizontal, vertical and average growth pattern belonging to the local Chennai population and determine if it can be used as a growth indicator. Materials and Methods: Gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle measurements were made on lateral cephalograms of 90 patients 44 males and 46 females. Results A one sample T test was used to determine the mean values for average, horizontal and vertical growth pattern and to check their level of significance. All the values were statistically significant with a P value = 0.000.  Conclusion: The upper gonial angle was the same irrespective of growth pattern. The gonial angle and lower gonial angle can be used as an indicator for growth. INTRODUCTION: Gonial angle is widely used in orthodontic cephalogram tracing. It is a valuable indicator to diagnose the growth pattern of patients and also determines the rotation of the mandible. The gonial angle can also be a handy tool in age assessment in extreme situations like mass disaster, remains of human dead exhumed and murderous mutilations, missing individuals, etc.[1]. The downward and backward rotation of the mandible is called as a high angle and these patients showed increased gonial angle. Contrary to this, upward and forward direction of mandible is called as a low angle and these patients showed a decrease in gonial angle.[2] Thus, it becomes one of the most important angles for determining orthodontic or surgical plans in a patient. A few studies focused on the mandibular angle, its change throughout aging, and changing relation to dental status. This study was conducted on lateral cephalograms of a total of 90 subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gonial angle as an indicator for the growth pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lateral cephalograms of 90 patients which includes 44 males and 46 females belonging to the local Chennai population were obtained from the patient records of the department of Orthodontics. The growth pattern were grouped into three groups namely vertical growth pattern, average growth pattern and horizontal growth pattern based on the clinical and cephalometric FMA. The gonial angle was measured by taking the tangent to the posterior border of the ramus and tangent to the lower border of the mandible on lateral cephalogram (Fig 1). Because of the superimpositions seen on lateral cephalograms, reliable measurement of the gonial angle becomes difficult. The gonial angle was measured on the lateral cephalometric radiograph using a mathematical protractor. The angle is recorded in degrees. FMA, gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle are measured. Frankfort mandibular plane angle is the angle formed between FHP and mandibular plane (Tweeds, 1954).[3] Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points articulare, gonion and methon. Upper Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points articulare, gonion and nasion and lower Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points nasion, gonion and meton. The cephalograms were traced on matte acetate paper with 2H pencil under double illumination. Since only angular measurements were recorded magnification was not calculated. The values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical evaluation. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A one sample T test was done using SPSS 22 software to determine the mean values for average, horizontal and vertical growth pattern and to check their level of significance. RESULTS: Table 1 and Graph 1shows the results obtained. In patients with horizontal growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 19.6 °Ã‚ ±0.45 ° (P=0.000). The mean value for the gonial angle was 122.43 °Ã‚ ± 1.40 °(P=0.000). Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 66.80 °Ã‚ ±.01 ° and 55.30 °  ±0. 99 ° respectively with (P=0.000). In patients with vertical growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 33.93 °Ã‚ ± 1.32 °(P=0.000). Mean value for gonial angles was 130.20 °Ã‚ ±1.39 ° (P=0.000).Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 76.40 °Ã‚ ±1.39 °and 53.80 °Ã‚ ±1.15 ° respectively with (P=0.000). In the average growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 24.93 °Ã‚ ± 0.26 ° (P=0.000). The mean value for gonial angle was 127.03 °Ã‚ ±0.997 ° (P=0.000). Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 71.53 °Ã‚ ±0.9 ° and 55.17 °Ã‚ ±1.07 °respectively (P=0.000). DISCUSSION: Evaluation of growth pattern plays a major role in diagnosis and treatment planning. There are various cephalometric parameters to evaluate growth pattern. Those commonly used are SN to mandibular plane, Frankfurt horizontal plane angle and Jarabak’s ratio. However, fault in the SN plane and Frankfurt horizontal plane can produce erroneous results in growth pattern. The Jarabak’s ratio is based on the posterior and anterior facial height and does not reflect the rotation of the mandible. In the present study the samples were grouped into horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern based on the clinical and cephalometric FMA. The mean value of FMA was determined for each group and was found to be 19.6 °Ã‚ ±0.45 °, 24.93 °Ã‚ ± 0.26 ° and 33.93 °Ã‚ ± 1.32 ° for horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern and the values obtained were statistically significant with a P value of 0.000 and confidence interval of 95%. The gonial angle ranged from 119.5749 ° to 125.2918 ° in horizontal growers, 127.5048 ° to 132.8952 ° in vertical growers and 124.9940 ° to 129.0726 ° in average growers. The lower gonial angle range from 64.7351 ° to 68.8649 ° in patients with horizontal growth pattern, 73.5518 ° to 79.2482 ° in average growth pattern and 69.6812 ° to 73.3855 ° in vertical growth pattern. The upper gonial angle ranged from 53.2568 ° to 57.3432 ° in horizontal growth pattern, 51.4518 ° to 56.1482 ° in vertical growth pattern a nd 52.9738 ° to 57.3596 ° in average growth pattern. It can be seen that the upper gonial angle is almost the same in horizontal, vertical and average growth pattern. The lower gonial angle on the contrary increased in the degree of angulation from horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern and can be used as an indicator for assessing growth pattern. According to Rakosi,[4] the norm value for gonial angle in Caucasians with average growth pattern ranged from 128 °Ã‚ ±7 ° which was almost similar to our measurements 127.0333 °Ã‚ ±.99710 ° and ranged from 124.9940 ° to 129.0726 °. The upper gonial angle in Caucasians with average growth pattern ranged from 52 ° to 55 ° but in our sample it had a mean value of 55.1667 °Ã‚ ±1.07220 ° ranging from 52.9738 ° to 57.3596 °. The lower gonial angle in Caucasians was between 70 ° to 75 °. In the present sample the lower gonial angle ranged from 69.6812 ° to 73.3855 ° with a mean of 71.5333 °Ã‚ ±.90558 °. This value was less compared to the Caucasian population. CONCLUSION: The upper gonial angle was the same irrespective of growth pattern The lower gonial angle increases from horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern The lower gonial angle in the present sample is less compared to Caucasians The mean values in average growth in the local Chennai population were 127.03 °Ã‚ ±0.997 °, 71.53 °Ã‚ ±0.9 ° and 55.17 °Ã‚ ±1.07 ° for gonial angle, lower gonial angle and upper gonial angle respectively. All the values were statistically significant with a P value = 0.000 The lower gonial angle can be used as an indicator for growth pattern

The Perfect Age :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Perfect Age Many of us can't wait to be the perfect age; but what exactly is that age? Is it the age when we will finally find the right one and get married, or when we can legally drink alcohol, or is it when we are settled with families of our own later in life? For every individual, it is a different age and a different dream waiting to be fulfilled. However, once this age finally arrives, it quickly disappears and we revert back to being unhappy. Have you ever noticed how when you are young, you cannot wait to be old, but once you are old, you yearn to be young again? Why are we never fully content with the "now" in our lives? I remember when I was younger playing with my older cousin. It was in the late eighties, which meant the Madonna craze was in full force. She and I would dress up in our parents clothes and pretend to be twenty-something-year-old Madonna. Similarly, my brother used to dress in my dad's suits and pretend to be a businessman going to an important meeting. At such young ages we could not wait to be older, like our parents. Another common childhood game is "house." Girls must remember having a fight with other girls as to who will be the father. No girly girl wanted to be the guy. They want to be the mommy and wife, pretending to cook and take care of the kids. At such a young age, kids look up to their parents and desire to imitate them. This is a classic example of not being happy with the "now." Yet another stage in life where kids want to be older is in the middle school age. Many people hate middle school because it's such a difficult time. People are maturing and trying to figure out who they really are, while in the meantime they make some dumb friendships and some good ones. I know at my school, during seventh and eighth grade is when a lot of kids try cigarettes, drinking, and other drugs. Smoking cigarettes is legal at eighteen, and drinking at twenty-one. Drugs are not legal at any age, but supposedly it is something that an older person would try.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

to kill a mockingbird To Kill A Mockingbird To Kill A Mockingbird is a great book written by Harper Lee. This book is about Tom Robinson trying to help a white girl named Mayella. All that Tom was trying to do was help that little white girl out, but he was alone with her. Bob Ewell Mayella's father said that Tom raped his daughter Mayella. He was just walking by and got asked to help a girl out so he did because he felt sorry for her. Those were three things leading to Tom Robinson's conviction. The first cause was the prejudice ness of the south in the 1930's. One example of this is the churches were segregated. "Calpernia motioned Jem and ma to the end of the row and placed herself between us."(120) Though the conjugation was kind to the children they were surprised of the children. Alexandria wanted Atticus to be fired for being Tom's attorney since Tom is black. The town was outraged that Atticus would do suck a thing. Atticus was helping Tom Robinson so now everyone is mad at Atticus. "Do you defend niggers Atticus?"(74) Everyone wants Atticus to be fired for helping Tom. Atticus is just trying to help Tom now everyone is against him. A group of town members formed a mob and went to the jail to lynch Tom. The mob that the town formed went to the jail and started things. "The men jumped a little and scattered: because they were people everyday.... "(146) The towns mob went to the jail for Tom because of what has been going on. The towns mob was angry that they went to the jail. Bob Ewell and Mayella accused Tom of the crime. Bob was accountable for seeing Tom raping Mayella. Judge Taylor asked Bob. "Mr. Ewell did you see the defendant having sexual intercourse with your daughter?"(174) Bob said that he saw his daughter getting raped by Tom Robinson. His own daughter Mayella also accused Bob of being a drunk. Mayella's testimony says that Tom raped her also gave the jury another white witness against Tom Robinson. Mayella told the judge that her father was a decent, "Except for when he was drunk."(183) Mayella said that Tom raped her so they believed her because she was a white young girl testifying against a black man. Another reason that they believed her is because that it's Mayella's, and Bobs Ewell's word that Tom raped her. No doctor had ever examined Mayella to see if she actually got raped at all. "Did you call a doctor sheriff!" "Did anyone call a doctor?

Anti-Bullying Laws

Anti-bullying laws â€Å"When people hurt you over and over, think of them like sand paper. They may scratch you and hurt you a bit, but in the end, you end up polished and they end up useless†. A quote by Chris Colfer. The number of kids that get bullied everyday are increasing in the state of Arizona. In order to stop the bullying in the schools of mesa, Arizona must create a stronger anti-bullying law. To begin with, over the years the percentages of kids getting bullied are getting tremendously big.According to Winnie Hu kids think that there parents will laugh and teachers wont care that’s the reason they won’t speak up (Hu 13). everyday half a dozen of complaints said Dr. Bergacs from New York Times Magazine (Bergacs 8). Secondly kids are too scared to speak up and tell someone. Kids say it’s hard to tell someone if they are getting bullied. DeSean Jackson says at a young age it’s hard to do anything about it. They say they put their own lives in danger (Jackson 12).Finally, some kids that get bullied at school can affect their concentration at school. Parents will know something is wrong because there kids are doing bad at school . they say the bullying will just get worst. In conclusion, the anti-bullying law must work to stop bullying in the schools because bullying hurts kids and the number of kid being bullying is increasing each year. Bullying must be taken away from schools because bullies or bullied get hurt. This way kid ca stop getting hurt.

History of Cheese Essay

In developing a search strategy the most important thing is to decide on the keywords that sum up the information one wants. In my research paper I am researching on the history of cheese. The keywords in my topic are history and cheese. The synonyms of cheese include cheese flower, high mallow, malva sylvestris and tall mallow. History synonyms include account, chronicle and story. Cheese production and consumption has proliferated all over the world since its discovery years ago. This is due to its availability in the stores all over the world. The process of making is also easy and the ingredients that are used in its production are easily presented. The main ingredient is milk. Production of cheese has been converted from small scale production to large scale production as years since its discovery progress (Martin 12). Cheese refers to a group of milk-based foods which come in different flavors, forms and textures. It comprises of proteins and fat that is gotten from milk. The milk is produced by cows, goats, sheep or buffaloes (Harbutt 8). Cheese is produced by curdling of milk protein. The mild is acidified and an enzyme called rennet is added to cause the curdling. The solid and liquid are separated and modeled into different forms and shapes. There are a variety of cheese that includes cheddar, camembert, stilton and parmesan. The history of cheese according to a study done at the University of Georgia was discovered by an accident. An Arabian merchant was carrying milk in a pouch. The pouch made from a sheep’s skin contained rennin. Due to the scorching heat from the sun, the enzyme rennin was activated causing the milk to turn into solid curds. Though the exact time of the discovery of cheese is unknown, cheese appeared 3500BC. It was widely used in Asia and then migrated to Europe. Cheese was mentioned in Homer’s epic, The Odyssey. In the scene the Cyclops is making cheese and placing in wicker (University of Georgia 1). In the early days of cheese production, milk from different sources was mixed, and a variety of seasonings added to produce abundant flavors. Cheese was introduced in America after Mayflower landed and became a staple component in many American households. The first cheese factory was established in 1851 in Oneida County, New York. The Jesse Williams factory eliminated the production of cheese individually or by local farms. This flourished the production of cheese (Sokol 2). Writers like Richard claims that cheese was first forum in the Middle East. It was in form of sour milk which came into being after it was discovered that domesticated animals could be milked. It was observed that milk left in a container turned into a solid especially in hot temperatures. The curds and whey that were gotten from milk were discovered to be edible. The history of cheese is also mentioned in the old testament of the bible. David was fed with cheese of kine when he escaped across the river Jordan. David was also asked to bring with him ten cheeses to his commander of his brothers as they were participating in the battle against the philistines (Sokol 2). The ingredient of cheese is mostly milk. All kinds of milk like reindeer, caribou, yak, and llama have been used to produce cheese. In the process of cheese production, Sokol in his book, â€Å"And That’s How You Make Cheese† claims that protein in the milk is curdled and separated from water. The curdles are cut, cooked, drained and pressed to drain out more water. This leads to the production of a solid cheese that can be sliced. Archeologists that were excavating lake dwellings on the shores of Lake Neuchatel found potsherds that had pierced with holes. The findings dated back to six hundred years before Christ. The vessels had been used as drainers that were used to separate curds from whey (Toussaint-Samat 103). This made them conclude that the production of cheese which was mainly from sheep and goats milk had been done on their land earlier. Cheese contains high concentration of essential nutrients. Some of these nutrients include quality proteins and calcium that help in the development of the body. The invention of cheese grew tremendously due to the many benefits that are accrued from it. Cheese contains high concentration of calcium that helps in cavity prevention in the teeth. It helps in the development of strong teeth because it has low concentration of lactose. The consumption of cheese after a meal such as cheddar, Swiss, Brie and Monterey helps in the prevention of tooth decay. Cheese has also been proven to prevent cancer due to its high concentration of conjugated Linoleic acid and Sphingolipids (Roberts, Petrini and Hooper 350). The cheese business has thrived in the world greatly due to the large profits accrued from the industry. Cheese production and consumption has increased all over the world. Companies have cropped up and ventured in the industry thus creating a viable business enterprise. Some of the companies like the Arena Cheese factory, Aria Foods, Inc and Andrew & Everett are some of the companies that have ventured in the cheese industry. They have enabled many households to enjoy wide variety of cheese after their meals. Cheese like the Provolone and Ricotta are used as appetizers, salads. They are first refrigerated and wrapped in order to retain freshness. Other types of cheese like the Parmesan and Roman are grated on soups, bread and spaghettis. Camembert cheese is used o crackers or with fruit that help in appetizers and desserts. It is first refrigerated during storage and preserved in a temperature controlled room. The United States is the largest producer of cheese in the world. This has been facilitated by the large supply of milk in the US. The United States has dedicated large amount of funds and time on investment and research work. The availability of large farms involved in milk production has also contributed to the production of cheese in the US. There are more than four hundred and fifty plants in the United States dealing in cheese production. The companies operate on a strict sanitary and quality standards set up to control the cheese industry. This has helped the United States to position itself as the premium cheese supplier (Pastorino, Hansen and McMahon 67). One of the most popular types of cheese is Roquefort. This cheese falls in the family of blue veined cheese because throughout the cheese, there are thin blue lines amidst the cream colored cheese. Originally produced in Southern France, it has moved across the world as a favorite of so many. For this cheese, one can choose between goat, sheep, and cow milk. The sheep the French use to make their cheese are fed grass in which there is a high level of limestone or calcium carbonate. Cheese-France 1) If the milk has too much or too little acid in it, a different cheese may be formed or the milk can spoil at a faster rate and therefore making an unappetizing block of cheese. The limestone helps balance the pH level and acts as a buffer. At time the cheese maker adds rennet, to start the curdling process, and then must wait at least two hours to allow the rennet to form. People can’t eat Roquefort cheese because of an allergy to penicillin. As one article states, â€Å"The traditional way of getting penicillium is to place loaves of bread in a dark, damp space, and letting them mold. After ten weeks the bread crust is pealed back to reveal the inside of the bread, which is nothing more than a fine green powder, the powder is called penicillium†. After combining the bacterium with the curd, the cheese begins to take shape but, the cheese needs to monitored because many other byproducts must be removed throughout the curdling process. Once the salt has settled, the cheese maker must put holes into the cheese to allow the carbon dioxide to release into the air. The cheese maker will receive his final product about six months later, as the bacterium is hard at for that long. Encyclop? dia Britannica 1) Cheese since its discovery has evolved in a great way. The production of cheese used to be in small scales during the early years. Today it is produced commercially by large companies. The use of cheese has also changed from the time when it was used as food. Cheese is currently used in prevention of teeth cavities, salad and preservatives. This shows that since cheese was invented tremendous changes have been experienced thus leading to its development to what it is in the present world (Sokol 29).